Designing and Assessing Problem-Solving-Based Augmented Reality for Elementary Earth Science Education

Abstract

The problem of low student learning outcomes in the material of the layers and structure of the Earth requires innovation in learning media that can combine technology with an appropriate pedagogical approach. This study aims to develop interactive augmented reality media based on valid, practical, and effective problem-solving to improve student learning outcomes. This research is a development research by adopting the ADDIE model. The research subjects included two material experts, two media experts, three fifth-grade students for individual trials, nine fifth-grade students for small-group trials, one fifth-grade teacher for teacher practicality tests, and nineteen fifth-grade students for effectiveness tests. Data were obtained through validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, and learning outcome tests, then analyzed using quantitative descriptive techniques and inferential statistical tests. The results showed that problem-solving-based AR media obtained a material validity index of 0.97 and a media validity index of 0.98 with a very valid qualification. Practicality scored 91.67% in the individual test, 92.22% in the small-group test, and 98.75% in the teacher test. Effectiveness was demonstrated through a hypothesis test with a significance value of p = 0.001 < 0.05, indicating a significant difference in learning outcomes before and after using the media. The study's conclusion confirms that interactive AR media based on problem-solving is valid, practical, and effective.